Sunday, August 31, 2014
Tragedy of the Internet
Communication systems worldwide are moving
digitized data at unprecedented and rapidly increasing speeds, especially with
the Internet. But most of that data is cast in linguistic form, and the
multiplicity of linguistic cultures renders most of it useless to most of the
world's population.
Systematic, Conscious, Language Construction
Systematic, Conscious, Language Construction
There are those who consider language construction something rare. Yet all languages are under construction by each rising generation.
It's
interesting to note that many of the natural languages that we talk about today
did not exist as such in the public (or even linguistic) consciousness a
hundred or so years ago. In many cases the name did not even exist. Usually more is involved than a new name, per se. Standardization and writing systems play a large role.
Conscious language construction has been a considerable factor in many cases.
Standardization of clusters of dialects, and decisions on alphabets and writing
system are often key. Poets have played a big role. But in many cases far more creativity and conscious
design has been involved. This is a partial list:
Albanian (standardization of dialects)
Bislama (from unstandardized creoles and pidgins)
Bosnian (if such does now exist)
Haitian or "Haitian Creole" (from unstandardized
creoles)
Hindi (in its official Bharat, i.e.,
"non-Hindustani" form)
Indonesian (from unstandardized "Malay" creoles
and pidgins)
Norwegian (in its two variant standardizations)
Standard Chinese - from "Peking dialect" but with
considerable design applied.
Swahili (as standardized)
Tok Pisin (from unstandardized pidgins and creoles)
Vietnamese (then referred to as Tonkinese, Annamese, etc.)
Yivrit - Modern Hebrew
Other written languages have gone through
major reforms (which often involve changing vocabulary and standardizing
grammatical features as well).
A few examples:
Azerbaijani (various alphabet changes, vocabulary influx)
Galician (Galego)
Hausa (written form established, dialect compromises)
Japanese (limited use
of Sinitic characters, vocabulary influx from western languages.)
Kazakh Cyrillic, vocabulary influx from Russian, etc.)
Korean (discontinued most use of Sinitic characters,
vocabulary influx from western languages.)
Kyrgyz Cyrillic, vocabulary influx from Russian, etc.)
Lingala (written form
established, dialect compromises)
Mongol ("Outer-Mongolia" - put into Cyrillic,
vocabulary influx from Russian, etc.)
Oromo (formerly called "Galla" -- now written)
Papiamentu (spelling standardized)
Russian (spelling reform after the Revolution)
Sardinian (Limba
Sarda Unificada)
Somali
(standardized, alphabet established)
Tajik Cyrillic, vocabulary influx from Russian, etc.)
Turkish (Ataturk's alphabet change, major vocabulary
restructuring)
Turkmen Cyrillic, vocabulary influx from Russian, etc.)
Xhosa (written form established, dialect compromises)
Zhuang
More recently, many dialects that
were seldom written have found expression on the Internet.
In most cases, this
involved considerable conscious design, given the diverse features of
subdialects.
Asturian
Bolognese
Calabrese
Ferrarese
Furlan
Lombard
Mudnés
Neapolitan
Parmigiano
Scots
Tetun
Triestino
Valencian
Venetian
Wallon
Zeneizemany, many more
Then there are all those commercial "constructed languages" like Caterpillar English, etc.
All this reminds us that "language construction" is not just something rare.
It is something people constantly do.
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